In his 1877 essay “The Ethics of Belief,” Clifford made the forceful ethical claim that it is wrong – always, everywhere and for everyone – to believe something without sufficient evidence. Clifford’s second premise is that no human beings are so isolated that their beliefs won’t at some point influence other people. Taking these points together, Clifford argues that it is always wrong – not just factually, but ethically – to believe something on insufficient evidence. An ounce of preventionArguing that people are ethically responsible for nonevidential beliefs doesn’t necessarily mean they are blameworthy. Yet, as far back as Plato and Socrates, ethics has been about offering guidance for a life well lived in community with others.
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